We will discuss (in alphabetical order):
Africa
Andorra
Asia (Meaning, China, India, Japan)
Australia and New Zealand (February/March Lesson)
Canada (February/March Lesson)
France
Germany (February/March Lesson)
Romania (February/March Lesson)
Spain
United States (February/March Lesson)

Just like in the muggle world, each country (as defined by muggle standards) has it's own wizarding government. Some governments (not all) have a place on the international wizarding board. It works sort of like the muggle world's United Nations, but with more emphasis on hiding wizards from muggles, like each country's ministry of magic.

Africa
Africa hosts a large number of countries, most of which have at least a small wizarding population. Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Uganda, and a few other countries actively participate in the wizarding world, and each have their own form of a Ministry of Magic. Since wizards try to respect the boundaries of each country (based on the muggle system), some places do not have a ministry of magic because they have such a small wizarding population, but are instead bound to the rules put in place from the international federation of warlocks.

Africa also hosts a number of quidditch teams, of which the most distinguishable are Uganda, Tchamba, and Sumbawanga. Uganda's most recently noted achievement in quidditch was when they were in contention for the quidditch world cup back in 1994, losing in the quarter finals. The other teams have a history of inventing new manuevers, which lead towards the improvement in quidditch as we know it today.

Andorra
Andorra is located in the mountains between Spain and France, and though it is a very tiny country, one of the smallest in the world, it has it's own Ministry of Magic, which participates in international affairs. This is one of the few small countries to boast such an honor, due to the limited resources in personel - it makes it hard to run a fully functioning ministry. It also helps settle disputes between it's two neighboring countries, France and Spain.

At this time there are no quidditch teams assigned to Andorra, due to it's small wizarding population.

Asia
With so many different countries in this continent, it is hard to focus on just a few, so as such, we will focus on the largest countries, based on population, size, and prominence. For now, we will focus on China, India and Japan.

China
China has numerous small branches of their Ministry of Magic, but the central location is in Beijing, China. The Ministry of Magic for China does hold a post on the International Wizarding board. It is important to note that the Chinese Ministry of Magic, does not usually lend support to other Ministry's when they are in need. Even though they hold a large portion of the wizarding world's society, they are self-sufficiant and do not give, nor receive aid from other Ministry's.

The Ministry of Magic seems to change powers coinciding with that of it's muggle population, adhering to many of the same practices and politics as the muggle population.

Also of note, China has very few quidditch teams, none which can compete on an international level.

India
For all the land in India, there is only one Ministry of Magic for this country. It is located in Mumbai, which while the largest city in India, is not the muggle capital, which is New Delhi. The muggle map, sections India off into different states, but it holds no bearing in the wizarding world.

The Ministry of Magic is not based off of the muggle political system or powers, it holds itself completely separate from the muggles. India has many good quidditch teams, though they are rarely noted. It has one of the largest Ministry's of Magic in the world.

Japan
Though Japan is an island it holds the second largest Ministry of Magic in the world. The Ministry is located in an undisclosed place in Tokyo and heavy fines are given if the knowledge reaches muggles. So, we won't tell where in Tokyo it is. The Ministry of Magic for Japan has been around since 1800 BC, or at least that was when it was first documented.

Even through the years when Japan became an isolationist country, the Ministry of Magic traded with outside countries and attended International Wizarding conferences.

Japan has a highly rated quidditch team, Toyohashi Tengu, who has looked outstanding in many years past.

It is also rumored, but not confirmed, that the Ministry of Magic has some dealings within the Japanese entertainment industry. Let's just say, if you found that above part interesting, then you know what I'm talking about. If you don't, well, then ignore it.

France
France's Ministry of Magic is located in Paris. France also has a place on the International Wizarding board. It works well with the other nations in Europe and has a more lax relationship with it's definitions of beasts, beings and spirits. While it's Ministry is not a large one, they have solid control over their citizens, with elections taking place every few years, instead of ministers being appointed. This is only for their wizarding world however.

France houses an outstanding educational program of which one of the most noted establishments is Beauxbatons. France's schools are kept in a same gender environment, so that students do not get distracted during their teenage years. The focus on education is important in France and because of this they have received world recognition in the wizarding world.

Spain
Spain is much like France, except for the differences in some international beliefs. That is why Andorra is located in the mountains between these two countries. It's not a strong dislike between the two countries, but a lot like two siblings arguing over the last cookie.

Spain has a fairly small ministry of magic, with most of it's residents living in small towns. If you want to be part of the Ministry typically you would have to move to Madrid in order to commute. Unlike many of the other wizarding nations out there, Spain has very strict laws on the use of using magic to get in or out of Madrid. A touch bit paranoid perhaps, but there have been relatively few 'accidents' due to this procedure.

Spain also hosts a world class quidditch team, and has a training system for it that begins when promising players are still young.